Starting a journey towards a healthier lifestyle begins with something as simple as drinking pure water. However, the term “purification” can be confusing for many.To understand it better, let’s first figure out why the water we get from different sources isn’t always pure and what “pure water” really means. Take, for example, the “Battery Water” used for home or office inverters; it has very few impurities and minerals, but it’s not suitable for drinking.So, let’s dive into the details of water purification and filtration systems, exploring what’s best for our health and overall well-being.An open well is a type of groundwater extraction structure that taps into unconfined aquifers. It consists of a vertical hole with a larger diameter, typically ranging from 2 to 10 meters, which is dug or sunk into the rock or soil mass.
Openwell water is commonly accessed in rural and suburban areas, serving as a relatively simple and accessible water supply. However, due to its proximity to the surface, openwell water is more susceptible to contamination from surface runoff, pollutants, and other environmental factors.Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in the water.
Common inorganic salts within water include cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, as well as anions like carbonates, nitrates, bicarbonates, chlorides, fluorides, and sulfates. TDS is typically measured in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per litre (mg/L), with these units being equivalent. TDS in water can be measured using a TDS meter or a conductivity meter. These devices provide a numerical value that represents the total dissolved solids present in the waterThe permissible limit for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in drinking water lacks a universally agreed-upon standard. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), outlined in their “Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda“, “
Reliable data on possible health effects associated with the ingestion of TDS in drinking-water are not available, and no health-based guideline value is proposed. However, the presence of high levels of TDS in drinking water may be objectionable to consumers”. However, WHO emphasizes that,
“The palatability of water with a total dissolved solids (TDS) level of less than about 600 mg/l is generally considered to be good; drinking-water becomes significantly and increasingly unpalatable at TDS levels greater than about mg/l.” The Central Pollution Control Board of the Government of India also advocates for this specification. Standard limits for each parameter in water are also listed.The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends maintaining Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in drinking water below 500 mg/L, as per their non-enforceable guidelines, referred to as the Secondary Standard. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Drinking Water Specification (IS:-), the acceptable limit for TDS in drinking water is a maximum of 500 mg/L.The various standards and recommendations mentioned above may potentially confuse consumers regarding the ideal TDS level. However, in general practice, the
recommended TDS level for drinking water should fall within the range of 40 to 150 mg/L. Levels beyond this range may be unpleasant for consumers.Based on the insights discussed above, there are three main factors to ensure the compliance of our drinking water.
- Drinking water shall be free from Total Suspended Solids (TSS) such as sediment, silt, sand, plankton, and algae.
- The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of drinking water should be within the range of 40 – 150 mg/L.
- Drinking water should be completely free from live microbiological contaminants such as bacteria and viruses.
Bear in mind that, for the majority of cases in selecting a drinking water purifier in both rural and urban areas, checking the TDS level is generally sufficient. However, in some instances where industrial, agricultural, or mining pollution prevails, a detailed water test may be necessary.With these considerations in mind, let’s delve into the section discussing various types of water purifiers.A gravity water purifier is suitable primarily for removing sediments and mitigating the effects of chlorine from treated municipal tap water, up to a certain level. The system incorporates small sediment filters and activated carbon filters to address these specific issues.However, it’s important to note that while the purifier enhances the water’s clarity and taste, it may not eliminate microbiological contaminants entirely. Therefore, for drinking purposes, it is advisable to further boil the water to ensure the removal of microbiological contaminants.Reverse osmosis (RO) is an advanced water purification process that utilizes a semi-permeable membrane (with smaller pore size than that of UF membranes) to separate water molecules from other substances. In the natural process of osmosis, water molecules move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.Conversely, in reverse osmosis, the opposite occurs. Water molecules are pressured through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration. This external pressure ensures that water molecules pass through, while substances such as salt, bacteria, and impurities are effectively blocked. The resulting purified water is termed permeate, while the concentrated leftover water is known as reject water or saline water.
The water that comes out of your household tap travels through miles of pipes, aquifers, and treatment systems before landing in your glass. One of the easiest ways to boost the quality of that water is by using a water filter, be it under your sink, in your fridge, or on your countertop.
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While many people buy water filters simply to improve the taste or appearance of their tap water, filtering your drinking water can also potentially protect you from harmful contaminants. A joint Consumer Reports-Guardian US news organization investigation of the nation’s tap water revealed that 118 of 120 tested locations across the U.S. had detectable amounts of lead, arsenic, or PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances linked to significant health problems) above CR’s recommended maximum levels. Those sampled water systems served more than 19 million people.
An in-home water filter can not only protect against harmful contaminants but also improve the taste of your tap water. Because drinking-water complaints often relate to taste and smell, we test flavor and odor reduction in our current ratings for water filter pitchers, under-sink water filters, faucet-mounted filters, and countertop filters. Our ratings also include reverse osmosis water filters from previous testing.
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In addition to refrigerator water filters, the most popular are pitcher-style filters—the kind you fill from the tap and keep in your fridge. They’re easy to use, require no installation, and take up less space than a more permanent option. They’re also relatively economical, with most costing less than $50.
Faucet-mounted water filters attach directly to your tap, while countertop water filters attach to your tap by a hose that diverts water through a small sink-side purifying device equipped with a spout. Both typically filter using granulated activated carbon cartridges that draw away contaminants before water leaves your tap. They work well for apartment dwellers because they don’t require a plumber to install. Faucet-mounted filters often cost less than $50. Countertop filters can cost $80 or much more, depending on the filtration system they use.
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